1
Q
Do animals need vitamin/mineral supplements?
A
- NO: when commercial feeds usually nutritionally complete
- YES: when producer or owner is making their own diets
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2
Q
Ca and P are added separately in addition to the vitamin/mineral premix
A
- *need to pay attention to them
oMost raw diets for dogs are shown to be deficient in these and/or vitamin D
oIncreased incidence of unusual fractures in large breed puppies fed raw diets
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3
Q
How important is vitamin/mineral nutrition?
A
- Critical to growth and health of animals
- Grazing animals are of particular concern
- *important to know what role vitamins and minerals play in animal growth and physiology
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4
Q
Some examples of water soluble vitamins
A
- Thiamin
- Riboflavin
- Niacin
- Pantothenate
- Biotin
- Folic acid
- Vit B12
- Pyridoxine
- (*all are B vitamins)
- Vit C
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5
Q
Some examples of fat soluble vitamins
A
- Vit A
- Vit D
- Vit E
- Vit K
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6
Q
Absorption of microminerals
A
- Most microminerals form salts and other compounds which are relatively INSOLUBLE (I and Se are exceptions)
- NOT readily absorbed
- Minerals often require carrier proteins
oSynthesis of these proteins is important in regulation of mineral metabolism
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7
Q
Chelation
A
- Metal ions are reactive
- Must be chelated to prevent oxidation in the body
oHow many are given (ex. iron as a heme-protein) - Metals form complexes with a well-defined number of organic LIGANDS
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8
Q
Ligands (chelation)
A
- Can consist of neutral or anionic chemical groups
- Proteins and AA are common ligands
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9
Q
Transport of trace elements in blood
A
- Trans-cobalamin II: *Cobalt
- Transferrin: Cr, *Fe, Mn, Zn (Mo, Se)
- Albumin: Cu, Zn
- AAs: Cu, Fe
- Globulins: *Mo
- *selenium: transported as a replacement for sulfur (transport as Se-methionine)
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10
Q
Storage of minerals
A
- Most have significant storage so deficiencies will NOT occur unless absent from diet from weeks to years (exception Na and K)
- Macrominerals stored in bones (Ca, P, Mg)
- Microminerals stored in liver often associated with specific storage proteins (Fe, Cu, Zn, Se, Cr, and others)
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11
Q
Vitamins
A
- Organic nutrients required in small quantities for a variety of biochemical functions
- Generally cannot be synthesized by the body and must be supplied in DIET
- (Vitamin theory of disease to account for scurvy, rickets, pellagra)
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12
Q
Water soluble vitamins
A
- All B vitamins are absorbed passively at high levels in the gut AND by sodium-dependent active transport at low levels in the gut (exception Vit B12)
- Excesses are excreted in urine
- Toxicity rarely a problem (but possible)
- Storage is limited (apart from Vit B12) and must be provided regularly
- *and Vit C
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13
Q
Water soluble vitamins: monogastrics vs. ruminants
A
- Rumen bacteria can synthesize B vitamins and Vit K
oProduction exceeds ruminant requirements - *monogastrics do have some production of B vitamins in ceca and hindgut but absorption in hindgut is LIMITED
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14
Q
Water soluble vitamins: horses
A
- Normal horse can produce most of B-complex in adequate amounts in its intestinal tract
- Research failed to show a response to supplemental B-vitamins with normal horses fed good quality feed
- Young growing foals and horses under stress may benefit from B vitamin supplements
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15
Q
Rabbits and coprophagy (psuedorumination)
A
- Cecotrophes are consumed directly from the anus
- Fermentation in cecum and practice of coprophagy provides necessary amounts of most B vitamins and Vit K
- *coprophagy is also practiced by dogs, rats, gorillas
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16
Q
Fat soluble vitamins
Study These Flashcards
A
- Vit A, D, E, K (all are isoprene derviatives)
- Non-polar hydrophobic molecules
- All handled by GI system in same way as dietary fat
- After absorption fat-soluble vitamins transport to liver in chylomicrons
- Can be stored (unlike water soluble vitamins)
oVit A, D K: liver
oVit E: adipose tissue
o*toxicity can occur (Vit A and D)
17
Q
Fat soluble vitamins excretion
Study These Flashcards
A
- NOT in urine
- Appear in bile and excreted in feces
18
Q
Vit D: a vitamin?
Study These Flashcards
A
- Is not a true vitamin
- Hormone involved in regulation of calcium/phosphorus metabolism
19
Q
What are the 5 groupings of vitamins and minerals?
Study These Flashcards
A
- Electrolytes: Na, K
- Bones: Ca, P, Mg, Vit D, Vit K
- Energy releasing vitamins: thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenate, biotin
- Hematopoetic: folate, B12, Fe, Cu
- Antioxidant: Vit E, Vit C, Se
20
Q
Electrolytes
Study These Flashcards
A
- Maintain osmotic and electrolytic environment in body fluids (maintain PROTEIN FUNCTION)
- Maintain Na/K gradient between intracellular and extracellular environment
oNerve and muscle function
oTransport of molecules across cell membrane
o(1/3 ATP in animal goes to Na/K ATPase) - *concentrations are maintained at DEFINED levels in intra and extracellular fluids
21
Q
Electrolyte deficiency symptoms: Na
Study These Flashcards
A
- Lethargy
- Loss of appetite
- Muscle weakness
- Respiratory depression
- Cardiac arrest
22
Q
Electrolyte deficiency symptoms: K
Study These Flashcards
A
- Elevated blood pressure
- Muscle weakness
- Respiratory depression
- Cardiac arrest
23
Q
Electrolyte toxicity symptoms: Na
Study These Flashcards
A
- Dehydration
- Seizure
- Coma
24
Q
Electrolyte toxicity symptoms: K
Study These Flashcards
A
- Cardiac arrhythmia and death
